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Gin简明教程

Gin是一个用Go语言实现的高性能web框架,其API实现优雅,性能卓越,上手简单,而且比较轻量级,很容易引入到项目中。本文是一篇对Gin框架的学习笔记,不会对Gin框架的用法做面面俱到的,而是对Gin框架做一个整体上的认识与入门。

安装

1、首先需要先安装Go,依赖版本为1.13+,执行下面命令安装Gin:

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$ go get -u github.com/gin-gonic/gin

2、在代码中引入Gin包

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import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"

快速入门

1、新建一个项目

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$ mkdir example
$ touch example/main.go

2、hello world

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package main

import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"

func main() {
r := gin.Default()
r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String("hello world")
})
r.Run() // 默认端口号为8080
}

3、测试

在一个终端先运行hello-world服务器程序:

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$ go run main.go

在另一个终端发起http请求:

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$ curl http://localhost:8080

路由

1、HTTP请求方法

Gin中封装了常用的HTTP方法,如GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE and OPTIONS:

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func main() {
// 默认路由器
router := gin.Default()

router.GET("/get", GetHandler)
router.POST("/post", PostHandler)
router.PUT("/put", PutHandler)
router.DELETE("/delete", DeleteHandler)
router.PATCH("/patch", PatchHandler)
router.HEAD("/head", HeadHandler)
router.OPTIONS("/options", OptionsHandler)

router.Run("8080")
}

2、分组路由

有时我们需要将一组API放在一起,这些方便管理和阅读

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func main() {
router := gin.Default()

// Simple group: v1
v1 := router.Group("/v1")
{
v1.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
v1.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint)
v1.GET("/read", readEndpoint)
}

// Simple group: v2
v2 := router.Group("/v2")
{
v2.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
v2.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint)
v2.GET("/read", readEndpoint)
}

router.Run(":8080")
}

请求参数

1、query参数

query参数是指在uri中问号后面的参数,如/welcome?name=Jone中query参数为name=Jone,Gin中可以通过Context包中的Query和DefaultQuery获取Query参数,他们的区分是DefautlQuery可以指定默认参数,如下:

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func main() {
router := gin.Default()

// The request responds to a url matching: /welcome?firstname=Jane&lastname=Doe
router.GET("/welcome", func(c *gin.Context) {
firstname := c.DefaultQuery("firstname", "Guest")
lastname := c.Query("lastname")
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s %s", firstname, lastname)
})
router.Run(":8080")
}

测试:

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$ curl http://localhost:8080/welcome?firstname=Jane&lastname=Doe

2、urlencoded form参数

跟获取query参数类似,Gin中可以通过Context包中的PostForm和DefaultPostForm获取post表单中的参数,如下:

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func main() {
router := gin.Default()

router.POST("/form_post", func(c *gin.Context) {
name := c.DefaultPostForm("name", "anonymous")
message := c.PostForm("message")
c.String(200, fmt.Sprintf("%s posted %s", name, message))
})

router.Run(":8080")
}

测试:

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$ curl -d'name=John&message=hello' http://localhost:8080/form_post

3、路径中参数
使用:name匹配uri路径中的参数名为name的必选参数;使用*name匹配uri路径中的参数名为name的可选参数,如下:

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func main() {
router := gin.Default()

// This handler will match /user/john but will not match /user/ or /user
router.GET("/user/:name", func(c *gin.Context) {
name := c.Param("name")
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s", name)
})

// However, this one will match /user/john/ and also /user/john/send
// If no other routers match /user/john, it will redirect to /user/john/
router.GET("/user/:name/*action", func(c *gin.Context) {
name := c.Param("name")
action := c.Param("action")
c.String(http.StatusOK, name + " is " + action)
})

router.Run(":8080")
}

测试:

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$ curl http://localhost:8080/user/John
$ curl http://localhost:8080/user/John/send

绑定

绑定是Gin框架非常有用的特性,可以简单理解为将请求BODY映射到一个内存模型(数据结构)上。支持的格式包括JSON、XML、YAML和标准的urlencoded form参数。

Gin提供两种绑定类型,MustBindShouldBind,对于MustBind,Gin提供了Bind、BindJSON、BindXML、BindQuery、BindYAML、BindHeader;对于ShouldBind,Gin提供跟MustBind配套的API,如ShouldBind、ShouldBindJSON,…。MustBind和ShouldBind的区别是:

如果MustBind绑定失败,请求会被c.AbortWithError(400, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind) 中止,也就是状态码返回400,Content-Type被设置为text/plain; charset=utf-8;而ShouldBind绑定失败,会返回一个错误,由于程序员决定如何处理。

以下以绑定form和json为例:

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type Login struct {
User string `form:"user" json:"user" binding:"required"`
Password string `form:"password" json:"password" binding:"required"`
}

func main() {
router := gin.Default()

// Example for binding JSON ({"user": "manu", "password": "123"})
router.POST("/loginJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
var json Login
if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&json); err != nil {
c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
return
}

c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
})

// Example for binding a HTML form (user=manu&password=123)
router.POST("/loginForm", func(c *gin.Context) {
var form Login
// This will infer what binder to use depending on the content-type header.
if err := c.ShouldBind(&form); err != nil {
c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
return
}

c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
})

router.Run(":8080")

测试:

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curl -v -X POST \
http://localhost:8080/loginJSON \
-H 'content-type: application/json' \
-d '{"user": "manu"}'

curl -v -X POST \
http://localhost:8080/loginForm \
-H 'content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' \
-d 'user=manu&password=123'

除了支持绑定POST参数外,Gin框架还支持绑定query参数绑定uri参数以及绑定header另外,Gin框架还支持自定义校验,在此不一一详述。

渲染

Gin框架支持XML、JSON、YAML、和ProtoBuf渲染,以JSON和XML为例:

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func main() {
r := gin.Default()

// gin.H is a shortcut for map[string]interface{}
r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
})

r.GET("/someXML", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.XML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
})

r.Run(":8080")

测试:

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$ curl http://localhost:8080/someJSON
$ curl http://localhost:8080/someXML

上传下载

1、搭建静态文件服务器

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func main() {
router := gin.Default()

router.Static("/assets", "./assets")
router.StaticFS("/statics", http.Dir("my_file_system"))
router.StaticFile("/favicon.ico", "./resources/favicon.ico")

router.Run(":8080")
}

测试:

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$ curl http://localhost:8080/statics

2、单文件上传

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func main() {
router := gin.Default()

// Set a lower memory limit for multipart forms (default is 32 MiB)
router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20 // 8 MiB
router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
// single file
file, _ := c.FormFile("file")
log.Println(file.Filename)

// Upload the file to specific dst.
c.SaveUploadedFile(file, dst)

c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("'%s' uploaded!", file.Filename))
})

router.Run(":8080")
}

测试:

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curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/upload \
-F "file=@/Users/appleboy/test.zip" \
-H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data"

3、多文件上传

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func main() {
router := gin.Default()
// Set a lower memory limit for multipart forms (default is 32 MiB)
router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20 // 8 MiB
router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
// Multipart form
form, _ := c.MultipartForm()
files := form.File["upload[]"]

for _, file := range files {
log.Println(file.Filename)

// Upload the file to specific dst.
c.SaveUploadedFile(file, dst)
}
c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("%d files uploaded!", len(files)))
})
router.Run(":8080")
}

测试:

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curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/upload \
-F "upload[]=@/Users/appleboy/test1.zip" \
-F "upload[]=@/Users/appleboy/test2.zip" \
-H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data"

中间件

中间件是对Gin框架的扩展,Gin框架内已经定义了一些中间件,使用默认路由器时,会自动加载LoggerRecovery中间件:

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r := gin.Default()

等价于:

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// Creates a router without any middleware by default
r := gin.New()

// Global middleware
// Logger middleware will write the logs to gin.DefaultWriter even if you set with GIN_MODE=release.
// By default gin.DefaultWriter = os.Stdout
r.Use(gin.Logger())

// Recovery middleware recovers from any panics and writes a 500 if there was one.
r.Use(gin.Recovery())

如果觉得框架定义的中间件满足不了需求,可以自定义中间件,比如,我们可以自定义Recovery中间件:

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func main() {
// Creates a router without any middleware by default
r := gin.New()

r.Use(gin.Logger())

// Recovery middleware recovers from any panics and writes a 500 if there was one.
r.Use(gin.CustomRecovery(func(c *gin.Context, recovered interface{}) {
if err, ok := recovered.(string); ok {
c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("error: %s", err))
}
c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusInternalServerError)
}))

r.GET("/panic", func(c *gin.Context) {
// panic with a string -- the custom middleware could save this to a database or report it to the user
panic("foo")
})

r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "ohai")
})

// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run(":8080")
}

也可以自定义日志格式:

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func main() {
router := gin.New()

router.Use(gin.LoggerWithFormatter(func(param gin.LogFormatterParams) string {

// your custom format
return fmt.Sprintf("%s - [%s] \"%s %s %s %d %s \"%s\" %s\"\n",
param.ClientIP,
param.TimeStamp.Format(time.RFC1123),
param.Method,
param.Path,
param.Request.Proto,
param.StatusCode,
param.Latency,
param.Request.UserAgent(),
param.ErrorMessage,
)
}))
router.Use(gin.Recovery())

router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(200, "pong")
})

router.Run(":8080")
}

参考资料

[1] Gin Web Framework